Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951) was an Austrian-British philosopher whose work has had a profound and lasting influence in a variety of areas in philosophy, including the philosophy of language, the philosophy of mind, and epistemology.
Born into a wealthy family in Vienna, Wittgenstein initially studied engineering in Germany and then in the UK, before developing an interest in philosophy. After studying with Bertrand Russell at the University of Cambridge, he wrote his first major work, the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. In this work, Wittgenstein argued that the propositions of logic are the only ones that have sense, as they uniquely reflect the logical structures of the world.
After serving in World War I, Wittgenstein spent some time as a schoolteacher in rural Austria before returning to Cambridge in 1929. During this period, his thinking changed significantly. Instead of seeing language as something that reflects the logical structure of the world, he began to see it more as a series of "language games", each with its own rules and practices. These ideas were developed in his Philosophical Investigations, which were published posthumously.
Wittgenstein is known for his concise and enigmatic writing style, and for his dismissive attitude towards the philosophical tradition. Despite, or perhaps because of, these traits, his work has been enormously influential. His ideas have shaped debates in a variety of areas in philosophy, and his legacy continues to be a source of discussion and debate.