Thus Spake Zarathustra
janv. 2003 · Algora Publishing
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Zarathustra was Nietzsche's masterpiece, the first comprehensive statement of his mature philosophy, and the introduction of his influential and well-known (and misunderstood) ideas including the "overman" or "superman" and the "will to power." It is also the source of Nietzsche's famous (and much misconstrued) statement that "God is dead." Though this is essentially a work of philosophy, it is also a masterpiece of literature, a cross between prose and poetry. A considerable part and parcel of Nietzsche's genius is his ability to make his language dance, and this is what becomes extraordinarily difficult to translate. It has been almost 40 years since Hollingdale's version for Penguin and almost 50 since Kaufmann's. However, anyone who appreciates the German original knows that these translations are merely adequate. While earlier translators have smoothed out the rough edges, cut corners and sometimes omitted troublesome passages outright, this one honors and respects the original as no other. Kaufmann and others are guilty of the deplorable tendency to "improve" on the original. Much is lost by this means, to say nothing of the interior rhythms, the grace notes, the not always graceful but omnipresent and striking puns and wordplays. And in not a few instances the current translation improves on Kaufmann's use of English or otherwise clarifies what Nietzsche is really saying
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The son of a Lutheran pastor, Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche was born in 1844 in Roecken, Prussia, and studied classical philology at the Universities of Bonn and Leipzig. While at Leipzig he read the works of Schopenhauer, which greatly impressed him. He also became a disciple of the composer Richard Wagner. At the very early age of 25, Nietzsche was appointed professor at the University of Basel in Switzerland. In 1870, during the Franco-Prussian War, Nietzsche served in the medical corps of the Prussian army. While treating soldiers he contracted diphtheria and dysentery; he was never physically healthy afterward. Nietzsche's first book, The Birth of Tragedy Out of the Spirit of Music (1872), was a radical reinterpretation of Greek art and culture from a Schopenhaurian and Wagnerian standpoint. By 1874 Nietzsche had to retire from his university post for reasons of health. He was diagnosed at this time with a serious nervous disorder. He lived the next 15 years on his small university pension, dividing his time between Italy and Switzerland and writing constantly. He is best known for the works he produced after 1880, especially The Gay Science (1882), Thus Spake Zarathustra (1883-85), Beyond Good and Evil (1886), On the Genealogy of Morals (1887), The Antichrist (1888), and Twilight of the Idols (1888). In January 1889, Nietzsche suffered a sudden mental collapse; he lived the last 10 years of his life in a condition of insanity. After his death, his sister published many of his papers under the title The Will to Power. Nietzsche was a radical questioner who often wrote polemically with deliberate obscurity, intending to perplex, shock, and offend his readers. He attacked the entire metaphysical tradition in Western philosophy, especially Christianity and Christian morality, which he thought had reached its final and most decadent form in modern scientific humanism, with its ideals of liberalism and democracy. Nietzsche expounded a vitalistic metaphysics of the will to power, which he applied psychologically to undermine traditional conceptions of mind as well as moral, religious, and philosophical ideas. At the same time he attacked systematic thinking as a whole, maintaining the nihilistic view that there is no such thing as truth, but only an endless variety of equally false views of life held from variously interested perspectives. Although for a long time English-speaking academic philosophy tended to dismiss Nietzsche's philosophy as irresponsible (merely "literary"), it has become increasingly clear that his writings are among the deepest and most prescient sources we have for acquiring a philosophical understanding of the roots of twentieth-century culture.
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